/*=========================================================================

  Program:   Visualization Toolkit
  Module:    vtkOrderedTriangulator.h

  Copyright (c) Ken Martin, Will Schroeder, Bill Lorensen
  All rights reserved.
  See Copyright.txt or http://www.kitware.com/Copyright.htm for details.

     This software is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even
     the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
     PURPOSE.  See the above copyright notice for more information.

=========================================================================*/
/**
 * @class   vtkOrderedTriangulator
 * @brief   helper class to generate triangulations
 *
 * This class is used to generate unique triangulations of points. The
 * uniqueness of the triangulation is controlled by the id of the inserted
 * points in combination with a Delaunay criterion. The class is designed to
 * be as fast as possible (since the algorithm can be slow) and uses block
 * memory allocations to support rapid triangulation generation. Also, the
 * assumption behind the class is that a maximum of hundreds of points are to
 * be triangulated. If you desire more robust triangulation methods use
 * vtkPolygon::Triangulate(), vtkDelaunay2D, or vtkDelaunay3D.
 *
 * @par Background:
 * This work is documented in the technical paper: W.J. Schroeder, B. Geveci,
 * M. Malaterre. Compatible Triangulations of Spatial Decompositions. In
 * Proceedings of Visualization 2004, IEEE Press October 2004.
 *
 * @par Background:
 * Delaunay triangulations are unique assuming a random distribution of input
 * points. The 3D Delaunay criterion is as follows: the circumsphere of each
 * tetrahedron contains no other points of the triangulation except for the
 * four points defining the tetrahedron.  In application this property is
 * hard to satisfy because objects like cubes are defined by eight points all
 * sharing the same circumsphere (center and radius); hence the Delaunay
 * triangulation is not unique.  These so-called degenerate situations are
 * typically resolved by arbitrary selecting a triangulation. This code does
 * something different: it resolves degenerate triangulations by modifying
 * the "InCircumsphere" method to use a slightly smaller radius. Hence,
 * degenerate points are always considered "out" of the circumsphere. This,
 * in combination with an ordering (based on id) of the input points,
 * guarantees a unique triangulation.
 *
 * @par Background:
 * There is another related characteristic of Delaunay triangulations. Given
 * a N-dimensional Delaunay triangulation, points laying on a (N-1) dimensional
 * plane also form a (N-1) Delaunay triangulation. This means for example,
 * that if a 3D cell is defined by a set of (2D) planar faces, then the
 * face triangulations are Delaunay. Combining this with the method to
 * generate unique triangulations described previously, the triangulations
 * on the face are guaranteed unique. This fact can be used to triangulate
 * 3D objects in such a way to guarantee compatible face triangulations.
 * This is a very useful fact for parallel processing, or performing
 * operations like clipping that require compatible triangulations across
 * 3D cell faces. (See vtkClipVolume for an example.)
 *
 * @par Background:
 * A special feature of this class is that it can generate triangulation
 * templates on the fly. If template triangulation is enabled, then the
 * ordered triangulator will first triangulate the cell using the slower
 * ordered Delaunay approach, and then store the result as a template.
 * Later, if the same cell type and cell configuration is encountered,
 * then the template is reused which greatly speeds the triangulation.
 *
 * @warning
 * Duplicate vertices will be ignored, i.e., if two points have the same
 * coordinates the second one is discarded. The implications are that the
 * user of this class must prevent duplicate points. Because the precision
 * of this algorithm is double, it's also a good idea to merge points
 * that are within some epsilon of one another.
 *
 * @warning
 * The triangulation is performed using the parametric coordinates of the
 * inserted points. Therefore the bounds (see InitTriangulation()) should
 * represent the range of the parametric coordinates of the inserted points.
 *
 * @sa
 * vtkDelaunay2D vtkDelaunay3D vtkPolygon
 */

#ifndef vtkOrderedTriangulator_h
#define vtkOrderedTriangulator_h

#include "vtkCommonDataModelModule.h" // For export macro
#include "vtkObject.h"

class vtkUnstructuredGrid;
class vtkCellArray;
class vtkHeap;
class vtkIdList;
class vtkPoints;
class vtkTetra;
class vtkDataArray;
class vtkDoubleArray;
struct vtkOTMesh;
struct vtkOTTemplates;
class vtkIncrementalPointLocator;
class vtkPointData;
class vtkCellData;

// Template ID's must be 32-bits. See .cxx file for more information.
#if VTK_SIZEOF_SHORT == 4
typedef unsigned short TemplateIDType;
#elif VTK_SIZEOF_INT == 4
typedef unsigned int TemplateIDType;
#elif VTK_SIZEOF_LONG == 4
typedef unsigned long TemplateIDType;
#endif

class VTKCOMMONDATAMODEL_EXPORT vtkOrderedTriangulator : public vtkObject
{
public:
  vtkTypeMacro(vtkOrderedTriangulator, vtkObject);
  void PrintSelf(ostream& os, vtkIndent indent) override;

  /**
   * Construct object.
   */
  static vtkOrderedTriangulator* New();

  ///@{
  /**
   * Initialize the triangulation process. Provide a bounding box and
   * the maximum number of points to be inserted. Note that since the
   * triangulation is performed using parametric coordinates (see
   * InsertPoint()) the bounds should be represent the range of the
   * parametric coordinates inserted.
   * \post no_point_inserted: GetNumberOfPoints()==0
   */
  void InitTriangulation(
    double xmin, double xmax, double ymin, double ymax, double zmin, double zmax, int numPts);
  void InitTriangulation(double bounds[6], int numPts);
  ///@}

  ///@{
  /**
   * For each point to be inserted, provide an id, a position x, parametric
   * coordinate p, and whether the point is inside (type=0), outside
   * (type=1), or on the boundary (type=2). You must call InitTriangulation()
   * prior to invoking this method. Make sure that the number of points
   * inserted does not exceed the numPts specified in
   * InitTriangulation(). Also note that the "id" can be any integer and can
   * be greater than numPts. It is used to create tetras (in AddTetras()) with
   * the appropriate connectivity ids. The method returns an internal id that
   * can be used prior to the Triangulate() method to update the type of the
   * point with UpdatePointType(). (Note: the algorithm triangulated with the
   * parametric coordinate p[3] and creates tetras with the global coordinate
   * x[3]. The parametric coordinates and global coordinates may be the same.)
   */
  vtkIdType InsertPoint(vtkIdType id, double x[3], double p[3], int type);
  vtkIdType InsertPoint(vtkIdType id, vtkIdType sortid, double x[3], double p[3], int type);
  vtkIdType InsertPoint(
    vtkIdType id, vtkIdType sortid, vtkIdType sortid2, double x[3], double p[3], int type);
  ///@}

  ///@{
  /**
   * Perform the triangulation. (Complete all calls to InsertPoint() prior
   * to invoking this method.) A special version is available when templates
   * should be used.
   */
  void Triangulate();
  void TemplateTriangulate(int cellType, int numPts, int numEdges);
  ///@}

  /**
   * Update the point type. This is useful when the merging of nearly
   * coincident points is performed. The id is the internal id returned
   * from InsertPoint(). The method should be invoked prior to the
   * Triangulate method. The type is specified as inside (type=0),
   * outside (type=1), or on the boundary (type=2).
   * \pre valid_range: internalId>=0 && internalId<this->GetNumberOfPoints()
   */
  void UpdatePointType(vtkIdType internalId, int type);

  /**
   * Return the parametric coordinates of point `internalId'.
   * It assumes that the point has already been inserted.
   * The method should be invoked prior to the Triangulate method.
   * \pre valid_range: internalId>=0 && internalId<this->GetNumberOfPoints()
   */
  double* GetPointPosition(vtkIdType internalId);

  /**
   * Return the global coordinates of point `internalId'.
   * It assumes that the point has already been inserted.
   * The method should be invoked prior to the Triangulate method.
   * \pre valid_range: internalId>=0 && internalId<this->GetNumberOfPoints()
   */
  double* GetPointLocation(vtkIdType internalId);

  /**
   * Return the Id of point `internalId'. This id is the one passed in
   * argument of InsertPoint.
   * It assumes that the point has already been inserted.
   * The method should be invoked prior to the Triangulate method.
   * \pre valid_range: internalId>=0 && internalId<this->GetNumberOfPoints()
   */
  vtkIdType GetPointId(vtkIdType internalId);

  ///@{
  /**
   * Return the number of inserted points.
   */
  vtkGetMacro(NumberOfPoints, int);
  ///@}

  ///@{
  /**
   * If this flag is set, then the ordered triangulator will create
   * and use templates for the triangulation. To use templates, the
   * TemplateTriangulate() method should be called when appropriate.
   * (Note: the TemplateTriangulate() method works for complete
   * (interior) cells without extra points due to intersection, etc.)
   */
  vtkSetMacro(UseTemplates, vtkTypeBool);
  vtkGetMacro(UseTemplates, vtkTypeBool);
  vtkBooleanMacro(UseTemplates, vtkTypeBool);
  ///@}

  ///@{
  /**
   * Boolean indicates whether the points have been pre-sorted. If
   * pre-sorted is enabled, the points are not sorted on point id.
   * By default, presorted is off. (The point id is defined in
   * InsertPoint().)
   */
  vtkSetMacro(PreSorted, vtkTypeBool);
  vtkGetMacro(PreSorted, vtkTypeBool);
  vtkBooleanMacro(PreSorted, vtkTypeBool);
  ///@}

  ///@{
  /**
   * Tells the triangulator that a second sort id is provided
   * for each point and should also be considered when sorting.
   */
  vtkSetMacro(UseTwoSortIds, vtkTypeBool);
  vtkGetMacro(UseTwoSortIds, vtkTypeBool);
  vtkBooleanMacro(UseTwoSortIds, vtkTypeBool);
  ///@}

  /**
   * Initialize and add the tetras and points from the triangulation to the
   * unstructured grid provided.  New points are created and the mesh is
   * allocated. (This method differs from AddTetras() in that it inserts
   * points and cells; AddTetras only adds the tetra cells.) The tetrahdera
   * added are of the type specified (0=inside,1=outside,2=all). Inside
   * tetrahedron are those whose points are classified "inside" or on the
   * "boundary."  Outside tetrahedron have at least one point classified
   * "outside."  The method returns the number of tetrahedrahedron of the
   * type requested.
   */
  vtkIdType GetTetras(int classification, vtkUnstructuredGrid* ugrid);

  /**
   * Add the tetras to the unstructured grid provided. The unstructured
   * grid is assumed to have been initialized (with Allocate()) and
   * points set (with SetPoints()). The tetrahdera added are of the type
   * specified (0=inside,1=outside,2=all). Inside tetrahedron are
   * those whose points are classified "inside" or on the "boundary."
   * Outside tetrahedron have at least one point classified "outside."
   * The method returns the number of tetrahedrahedron of the type
   * requested.
   */
  vtkIdType AddTetras(int classification, vtkUnstructuredGrid* ugrid);

  /**
   * Add the tetrahedra classified (0=inside,1=outside) to the connectivity
   * list provided. Inside tetrahedron are those whose points are all
   * classified "inside." Outside tetrahedron have at least one point
   * classified "outside." The method returns the number of tetrahedron
   * of the type requested.
   */
  vtkIdType AddTetras(int classification, vtkCellArray* connectivity);

  /**
   * Assuming that all the inserted points come from a cell `cellId' to
   * triangulate, get the tetrahedra in outConnectivity, the points in locator
   * and copy point data and cell data. Return the number of added tetras.
   * \pre locator_exists: locator!=0
   * \pre outConnectivity: outConnectivity!=0
   * \pre inPD_exists: inPD!=0
   * \pre outPD_exists:  outPD!=0
   * \pre inCD_exists: inCD!=0
   * \pre outCD_exists: outCD!=0
   */
  vtkIdType AddTetras(int classification, vtkIncrementalPointLocator* locator,
    vtkCellArray* outConnectivity, vtkPointData* inPD, vtkPointData* outPD, vtkCellData* inCD,
    vtkIdType cellId, vtkCellData* outCD);

  /**
   * Add the tetrahedra classified (0=inside,1=outside) to the list
   * of ids and coordinates provided. These assume that the first four points
   * form a tetrahedron, the next four the next, and so on.
   */
  vtkIdType AddTetras(int classification, vtkIdList* ptIds, vtkPoints* pts);

  /**
   * Add the triangle faces classified (2=boundary) to the connectivity
   * list provided. The method returns the number of triangles.
   */
  vtkIdType AddTriangles(vtkCellArray* connectivity);

  /**
   * Add the triangle faces classified (2=boundary) and attached to the
   * specified point id to the connectivity list provided. (The id is the
   * same as that specified in InsertPoint().)
   */
  vtkIdType AddTriangles(vtkIdType id, vtkCellArray* connectivity);

  /**
   * Methods to get one tetra at a time. Start with InitTetraTraversal()
   * and then invoke GetNextTetra() until the method returns 0.
   */
  void InitTetraTraversal();

  /**
   * Methods to get one tetra at a time. Start with InitTetraTraversal()
   * and then invoke GetNextTetra() until the method returns 0.
   * cellScalars are point-centered scalars on the original cell.
   * tetScalars are point-centered scalars on the tetra: the values will be
   * copied from cellScalars.
   * \pre tet_exists: tet!=0
   * \pre cellScalars_exists: cellScalars!=0
   * \pre tetScalars_exists: tetScalars!=0
   * \pre tetScalars_valid_size: tetScalars->GetNumberOfTuples()==4
   */
  int GetNextTetra(
    int classification, vtkTetra* tet, vtkDataArray* cellScalars, vtkDoubleArray* tetScalars);

protected:
  vtkOrderedTriangulator();
  ~vtkOrderedTriangulator() override;

private:
  void Initialize();

  vtkOTMesh* Mesh;
  int NumberOfPoints;        // number of points inserted
  int MaximumNumberOfPoints; // maximum possible number of points to be inserted
  double Bounds[6];
  vtkTypeBool PreSorted;
  vtkTypeBool UseTwoSortIds;
  vtkHeap* Heap;

  vtkTypeBool UseTemplates;
  int CellType;
  int NumberOfCellPoints;
  int NumberOfCellEdges;
  vtkHeap* TemplateHeap;
  vtkOTTemplates* Templates;
  int TemplateTriangulation();
  void AddTemplate();
  TemplateIDType ComputeTemplateIndex();

private:
  vtkOrderedTriangulator(const vtkOrderedTriangulator&) = delete;
  void operator=(const vtkOrderedTriangulator&) = delete;
};

#endif
